The effect of limitation of joint motion range due to ankle taping on the evaluation of functional motion of high school Judo athletes

Article information

J Exerc Rehabil Vol. 17, No. 3, 175-183, June, 2021
Publication date (electronic) : 2021 June 30
doi : https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142218.109
1Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Youngin University, Youngin, Korea
2Department of Physical Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
3Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Center for Sport Science in Gangwon, Chuncheon, Korea
*Corresponding author: Jong-Baek Lee, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-2057, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Center for Sport Science in Gangwon, 80 Sports town-gil, Chuncheon 24239, Korea, Email: supertomcat100@hanmail.net
Received 2021 April 2; Accepted 2021 May 8.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ankle injury preventative C-tape on the ankle range of motion, Y-balance test (YBT), and functional movement screening (FMS) test in Judo athletes. Participants in this study were 15 male judo athletes in high school. The angle of the ankle joint, YBT, and FMS were examined with and without the application of C-tape on each athlete’s dominant foot. In YBT, ankle range of motion, and anterior reach distance were significantly lower in the taped ankle compared to the other (P<0.01). Moreover, the overhead deep squat and the FMS total score were significantly decreased after the C-tape application (P<0.05). The taping’s limitation on the ankle joint range of motion may impose adverse effects on the other relevant joints, therefore a proper guideline on long-term usage is advised.

INTRODUCTION

Lower extremities injury is the most common injury in most of the sports (Hootman et al., 2007). Especially, the ankle region injury is shown to be the common, making up more than 50% of sport injury (Czajka et al., 2014). Judo is the martial art with the highest percentage of injuries during the games and practices. Injuries that disrupted training occurred in 56% of judokas and most common injuries in judo were “ankle sprains and joint injuries” (4.98% and 3.98%). (Garcia-Isidoro et al., 2021). Due to the high recurrence of injury even after the treatment which may bring catastrophic effect on the athlete, careful management is required (Yammine and Assi, 2018). Various approaches have been researched for its prevention and treatment, the application of sport tape or brace are known to be effective in prevention of the ankle injury (Jelinek et al., 2019). The application of taping has been largely utilized as a preventative measure for the ankle injury (Kaminski et al., 2013).

The application of nonelastic tape on the injured joint is more of preventative measure as it reduces the external force exerted on the joint, and protect the damaged joint by limiting the range of motion (ROM). The ankle C-tape is reported to diminish the recurrent injury rate, improve proprioception while having no adverse effect on exercise performance in the most of tests, with minimal disadvantages on other joints (Callaghan et al., 2012).

On the other hand, Kaminski et al. (2013) on the exercise and kinematic analysis reported that the ankle C-tape may conflicts negative effect on the metatarsal of the foot, while the other study reported that it may affect the foot movement during the running motion (Sato et al., 2019). It was pointed out that a condition which body mass has no load on the joint is required, to realistically have the preventative effect of taping on exercise performance (Simon and Donahue, 2013). As noted, conflicting results are reported on the application of C-tape.

However, as the human’s kinetic chain is a single system that is composed of different body parts influencing each other, the study on the ankle ROM limitation’s effect on ankle peripheral tissues, joints and the exercise performance induced by the ankle C-tape is limited (Karandikar and Vargas, 2011). In order to objectively assess the movement-related exercise performance of the athletes, our study utilized Y-balance test (YBT) and functional movement screening (FMS) method. These simple, efficient methods with high reliability are widely used in the sport field as one of the management tools. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of temporary ankle ROM limitation by C-tape application on the movement-related exercise performance, and to utilize its result as a baseline data in proper practice of C-tape application.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

Fifteen male high school judo athletes from Seoul Physical Education high school located in Seoul, Republic of Korea participated in this study. Before the experiment, the purpose of the study and the experimental method were explained in detail to the subjects, and the test was conducted only for the subjects who voluntarily participated in the experiment. The general characteristics of the participants are as in Table 1. The widely used injury preventative taping technique to fix the ankle in soccer, basketball, and other sports are adopted in this study. We referred to study by Konor et al. (2012) to measure the angle of the ankle. The specific C-tape technique and angle ankle measurement method are as the following. Fifteen participants completed the YBT and FMS measurements with no tape and with C-tape, respectively.

Characteristic of the subjects (n=15)

C-tape application technique

We attached the sponge tapes on 2–3 folds on surface prior to the C-tape application to prevent skin damage. First, the anchor-tape was applied on the end of ankle and dorsum of foot to fix the underlab tape in place. Second, the tape was applied repetitively from medial to lateral ankle and taped starting from the heel to the dorsum of foot in horse-shoe shape to prevent left-right movement. Third, taping was applied starting from medial side of foot through the bottom covering the ankle and the dorsum to fix the ankle, and lastly, finished the taping by tiding up the ankle surrounding surface.

Ankle angle measurement

The participant was instructed to align the knee with the second toe, with the hallux to be 10 cm apart from the wall. Only using two fingers on each hand were used to maintain the balance supporting the wall. We instructed the participants’ knee to contact the wall, and controlled the distance based on the extent of the heel coming off the ground. The inclinometer was placed on the upper anterior tibialis tubercle. The goniometer was used to measure the ankle angle based on the center part between the tibia and malleolus.

Y balance test

The Y balance test (Move2Perform, Evansville, IN, USA) is a simplified version of the star excursion balance test and utilized in various sports field to assess the risk of injury and dynamic balances in athletes. Based on its high retest reliability and efficacy, a number of researches are being conducted. Although both upper and lower extremities can be measured, only the lower extremities measurement was applied in the current study. The assessment was made and utilized by rating the maximal foot reach distance anterior, posterolateral, posteromedial and so on in order, while having the participant to fix one foot as an axis.

Functional movement screening

FMS test kit (Functional Movement System, Chatham, VA, USA) was created by Gray Cook and his colleagues in 1997 incorporating the movements and injury assessment and have been studied hypothesizing its correlation with risk of injury and exercise performances in athletic population. It is composed of seven different movements (overhead deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability), and each movement is rated on scale of 0 to 3 by the tester. It is rated 0 if the participant feels a pain during the assessment, rated 1 if the movement cannot be executed, rated 2 if the participant can execute the compensation movement after each motion. It is rated 3 if the participant can execute defined movement correctly (Cook et al., 2006).

Statistical analysis

This study used IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) in statistical analysis of the collected data on 15 male judo athletes from Seoul Physical Education high school located in Seoul, comparing two groups with and without the C-tape application on an ankle. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to compare the changes in YBT score of the participants in C-tape experimental group and control group before and after the application of C-tape. Paired t-test was conducted only on the experimental group’s FMS to compare the pre- and post-C-tape application. The significance level was set at 0.05 (P<0.05).

RESULTS

Changes in ankle ROM

The result of descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to examine the improvement effect on ankle ROM before and after the C-tape application in the experimental and control group are in Tables 2 and 3. As Table 2 illustrates, the ankle ROM in the pre-application of C-tape was 53.80±3.23, 57.60±2.97 in the postapplication experimental group. In control group, the preapplication ankle ROM was 52.73±3.58, and 53.88± 3.87 in the postapplication (mean±standard deviation [SD]).

Descriptive statistics of changes in ankle angle before and after ankle taping

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in ankle angle before and after ankle taping

There was no significant difference between group analysis (F= 3.290, P=0.080), while the ankle angle in the post-application of C-tape was turned out to be significantly higher compared to the pre-application condition (F=20.573, P=0.001). Between-group analysis examining of interactive effect of the pre- and postapplication on the ankle ROM, a significant level of interactive effect was detected (F=31.393, P=0.001). This result represents that the ankle angle is significantly higher in C-tape experimental group compared to the control group due to the C-tape application.

Changes in anterior reach distance in YBT

The result of descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to examine the improvement effect on anterior reach distance (ARD) in YBT pre- and postapplication of C-tape in both groups are in Tables 4 and 5. As Table 4 illustrates, the mean±SD value in the experimental group’s ARD in preapplication is 59.13±6.71, and 51.47±6.94 in the postapplication condition. In the control group, the preapplication ARD value was 59.80±6.54, and 57.69±5.62 in the postapplication condition.

Descriptive statistics of changes in anterior reach distance before and after ankle taping

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in anterior reach distance before and after ankle taping

Based on the difference analysis, there was no significantly difference between groups (F=2.825, P=0.104), while the ARD turned out to be decreased in comparison between the pre- and postapplication of C-tape (F=5.563, P=0.026). In the analysis between groups, and pre- and postapplication of C-tape interactive effect on ARD, the experimental group showed significant level of interactive effect in lower ARD in the postapplication condition compared to the control group.

Changes in posterolateral reach distance of YBT

The result of descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to examine the improvement effect posterolateral reach distance (PLRD) in YBT pre- and postapplication of C-tape in both groups are in Tables 6 and 7. As Table 6 illustrates, the mean±SD value in the experimental group’s PLRD in preapplication is 89.27±8.32, and 80.73±12.07 in the postapplication condition. In the control group, the preapplication PLRD value was 88.69±8.32, and 81.56±8.99 in the postapplication condition.

Descriptive statistics of changes in posterolateral reach distance before and after ankle taping

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in posterolateral reach distance before & after ankle taping

Based on the difference analysis, no difference was detected at significant level between groups (F=002, P=0.969), while the PLRD turned out to be decreased in comparison between the pre- and postapplication of C-tape (F=13.576, P=0.001). In the analysis between groups, and pre- and postapplication of C-tape interactive effect on PLRD, no interaction effect was detected at significant level (F=0.108, P=0.744). Both experimental and control group showed decreased PLRD in the second measurement condition with no effect C-tape application.

Changes in posteromedial reach distance of YBT

The result of descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to examine the improvement effect posteromedial reach distance (PMRD) in YBT pre- and postapplication of C-tape in both groups are in Tables 8 and 9. As Table 8 illustrates, the mean±SD value in the experimental group’s PMRD in preapplication is 85.71±11.02 and 72.91±9.86 in the postapplication condition. In the control group, the preapplication PMRD value was 84.78±11.72 and 75.84±12.02 in the postapplication condition.

Descriptive statistics of changes in posteromedial reach distance before and after ankle taping

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in posteromedial reach distance before and after ankle taping

Based on the difference analysis, no difference was detected at significant level between groups (F=0.071, P=0.792), while the PMRD turned out to be decreased in comparison between the pre- and postapplication of C-tape (F=45.926, P=0.001). In the analysis between groups, and pre- and postapplication of C-tape interactive effect on PMRD, no interaction effect was detected at significant level (F=1.454, P=0.238). Both experimental and control group showed decreased PMRD in the second measurement condition with no effect C-tape application.

Changes in composite reach distance of YBT

The result of descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to examine the improvement effect composite reach distance (CRD) in YBT pre- and postapplication of C-tape in both groups are in Tables 10 and 11. As Table 10 illustrates, the mean±SD value in the experimental group’s CRD in pre-application is 80.29±7.86, and 70.39±7.82 in the postapplication condition. In the control group, the preapplication CRD value was 79.97±6.68 and 73.83±7.34 in the postapplication condition.

Descriptive statistics of changes in composite reach distance before and after ankle taping

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in composite reach distance before and after ankle taping

Based on the difference analysis, no difference was detected at significant level between groups (F=0.429, P=0.518), while the CRD turned out to be significantly decreased in comparison between the pre- and post-application of C-tape (F=37.055, P=0.001). In the analysis between groups and pre- and postapplication of C-tape interactive effect on CRD, no interaction effect was detected at significant level (F=2.040, P=0.164). Both experimental and control group showed decreased CRD in the second measurement condition with no effect C-tape application.

Changes in FMS test

The result of descriptive analysis and paired t-test is in Table 12. As Table 12 illustrates, the FMS total score (t=2.605, P=0.021), and overhead deep squat test (ODST) (t=2.168, P=0.048) significantly decreased in the postapplication of C-tape condition (FMS total score=16.07±1.71, ODST=1.67±0.49) compared to the preapplication condition (FMS total score=17.20±1.61, ODST=2.13±0.52).

Paired t-test of changes in FMS before and after ankle taping

DISCUSSION

The injury in ankle region constitutes more than 80% of all sport injury, specifically being the most common injury taking up 32.3% in sport of Judo, which has higher rate of external trauma. Various studies have been conducted in ankle injury rehabilitation and treatment, and the application of taping or usage of braces are considered as the most effective preventative measure (Jelinek et al., 2019). Based on Sato et al. (2013) study which analyzed the squatting motion in 2-dimensional level, 1° change of ankle angle induces 7° of knee flexion angle difference, and Alpkaya and Koceja (2007) reported that the jump performance was decreased as angle ROM was reduced. Basnett et al. (2013) moreover, reported impaired balance ability in participants with low ankle ROM. Although the ankle region’s dorsiflexion ROM limitation is known to affect the other joints movement and the exercise performances, the study and information on how the application of taping as of an injury preventative measure limits the ankle ROM and its influence on the movement is limited.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of application of C-tape on FMS, YBT, the kinetic chain and to utilize its result as baseline data for proper application of taping as an injury preventative measure. Based on the purpose of this study, we temporarily limited the dominant ankle ROM in athletes using C-tape and investigated it affects the movement of the athletes. To assess the movement of athletes in objective and quantitative manner, YBT and FMS tool were adopted. YBT is an improved version of star excursion balance test which revised the complexity and nonquantitative aspect, requiring shorter testing time with higher repeatability. Furthermore, with high intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.88–0.99), YBT is mentioned as an effective assessment tool (Shaffer et al., 2013). In the study that looked at high school basketball, and college football players, the athletes with low YBT score or major asymmetry are reported with higher risk of injury (Lehr et al., 2013). Also, the athletes with chronic ankle injury, femoral compartment syndrome, or anterior crucial ligament injury could be identified with YBT (Boyle et al., 2016; Bulow et al., 2019).

FMS displays total seven basic bodily movements patterns requiring flexibility, mobility and stability in different levels (Cook et al., 2006). A number of researches are currently conducted on the relationship between FMS and injury in athletes and occupational clusters where physical activity is crucial (Butler et al., 2013; O’Connor et al., 2011). It is also widely used by strength and conditioning experts in decision of return to play, injury management, and prediction of injury in athletes by assessing the ability to execute the defined movement which is related to the kinetic chain (Clifton et al., 2015).

By limiting ankle ROM with the application of C-tape, the postapplication score of two movements assessment tool, ankle ROM and ARD in YBT, and FMS ODST, and FMS total score were decreased in significantly level (P<0.05). Also, there was a trend that is not significant, where the taped ankle’s PLRD, PMRD, and CRD decreased compared to the nontaped ankle in YBT. The ARD includes the main foot movement of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, which requires higher activation of knee extensor, or quadriceps femoris rather than the muscles around the ankle joint (Walaszek et al., 2017). Furthermore, the muscle activation around hip joint are known to affect CRD, PLRD, and PMRD in YBT (Wilson et al., 2018). Overmoyer and Reiser in 2015 noted that the dorsiflexion of ankle is the most important factor in ARD, and small changes in ankle ROM can hugely impact dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

This current study also found significantly lower ankle ROM on the C-tape applied side of ankle, and it can explain the statistically significant lower ARD in the C-tape applied ankle. On the same manner, the ankle ROM was more impactful on the dorsiflexion ROM compared to the plantarflexion. Based on Walaszek et al. (2017) and the study of Overmoyer and Reiser (2015), it was noted that the hip flexion and plantarflexion had higher effect on PLRD, PMRD, and CRD, which may explain how the current study did not show significant change in PLRD, PMRD, and CRD due to the impact only in ankle dorsiflexion ROM.

In FMS assessment, the ODST score was significantly lower in the postapplication of C-tape condition. The ODST assessment tool can provide information of core stability, extremity mobility of hip, knee and ankle joint in symmetric position (Bhanot et al., 2019). It allows the assessment of left and right symmetry, and the sagittal plane mobility of hip, shoulder, knee, and ankles, and the limitation of ankle ROM affected knee, hip and shoulder joint in order.

Stiffler et al. (2015) research found that individuals who experienced dysfunction during an overhead squat also had reduced ankle dorsiflexion, increased pronation, and larger Q-angles. In this study, the limitation of dorsiflexion of the ankle joint is considered to be consistent with these findings. The hurdle step test is an assessment tool of walking motion’s functional compensation movement or asymmetry. It evaluates the back and forth movement in sagittal plane, and left and right symmetry in coronal plane, demanding stable diagonal symmetric movement between each side of hip joint. The stability and mobility of hip, knee and ankle joint are important factors in the same manner with ODST (Lloyd et al., 2015). However, the hurdler step test requires the hip joint’s flexion, extension, flexibility, and stability of balancing leg rather than the ankle angle, which can explain relatively lower effect of ankle ROM limitation with C-tape on the test.

The in-line lunge test (ILT) utilizes the movement deceleration, and change of direction aspects of sports, evaluating the hip, knee, and ankle joint mobility and stability, and the trunk control ability. The in-line lunge of the FMS evaluates lateral stability, balance, and movement asymmetries. Athletes who score poorly on the in-line lunge should avoid activities requiring power or speed until scores are improved. Performance on the FMS in-line lunge was not related to balance (Hartigan et al., 2014). The reason why the ILT was not related to balance ability or limitation of the ankle joint is considered to be the reason that no significant difference was found in the results of this study. The results of ODST, HST, and ILT, which showed no significant difference but decreased average value may explain the lower total FMS score in the C-tape postapplication condition.

The total FMS score is decreased in the C-tape postapplication condition, due to the factor that showed reduced mean value while having no significant differences not only in ODST which displayed statistical significance, but also in HST, and ILT. Furthermore, the foundation and the reduction in the ankle joint are indirectly explaining its effect on the FMS, which is congruent with Minick et al. (2010) that noted the reliability and sensitivity of FMS can spell out the change in FMS total score. In this study, the application of C-tape affected the ankle dorsiflexion ROM, which influenced the ARD in YBT, and ODST in FMS.

The players with Y balance total score lower than certain threshold are reported with 6.5 times higher risk of injury during the season. The tightness in the soleus and gastrocnemius during dorsiflexion increases the knee valgus, which is again associated with higher risk of injury (Macrum et al., 2012; Sutton and Bullock, 2013). Based from those literatures and this study, it is thought that the limitation of ankle ROM may have a negative effect on other lower limb joints. In this study, only the effect of taping on the movement immediately after application was studied, and follow-up studies related to the change of the ankle angle and exercise performance according to the taping application time are considered to be necessary.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest to this article was reported.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors received no financial support for this article.

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Table 1

Characteristic of the subjects (n=15)

Variable Mean±SD
Age (yr) 17.7±0.7
Height (cm) 173.5±6.7
Weight (kg) 82.4±21.6
Exercise careers (mo) 72±18.7

SD, standard deviation.

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of changes in ankle angle before and after ankle taping

Variable Repeated Factor No. Mean±SD
Ankle angle Pre ATG 15 53.80±3.23
CG 15 53.73±3.58
Total 30 53.77±3.35
Post ATG 15 57.60±2.97
CG 15 53.33±3.87
Total 30 55.47±4.02

SD, standard deviation; ATG, ankle taping group; CG, control group.

Table 3

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in ankle angle before and after ankle taping

Variable Source of variance SS df MS F P-value η2
Ankle angle Pre/post 43.350 1 43.350 20.573 0.000* 0.424
Pre/pos group 66.150 1 66.150 31.393 0.000* 0.529
Error (pre/post) 59.000 28 2.107 - - -
Intercept 178,978.820 1 178,978.820 8,362.566 0.000* 0.997
Group 70.417 1 70.417 3.290 0.080 0.105
Error 599.267 28 21.402 - - -

SS, sum of squares; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; η2, partial eta-squared [SSeffect/(SSeffect+SSerror)].

*

P<0.05.

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of changes in anterior reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Repeated Factor No. Mean±SD
Anterior reach distance Pre ATG 15 59.13±6.71
CG 15 59.80±6.54
Total 30 59.47±6.52
Post ATG 15 51.47±6.94
CG 15 57.69±5.62
Total 30 54.58±6.97

SD, standard deviation; ATG, ankle taping group; CG, control group.

Table 5

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in anterior reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Source of variance SS df MS F P-value η2
Anterior reach distance Pre/post 358.519 1 358.519 17.233 0.001* 0.381
Pre/post group 115.741 1 115.741 5.563 0.026* 0.166
Error (pre/post) 582.519 28 20.804 - - -
Intercept 195,092.030 1 195,092.030 3,096.491 0.001* 0.991
Group 177.963 1 177.963 2.825 0.104 0.092
Error 1,764.119 28 63.004 - - -

SS, sum of squares; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; η2, partial eta-squared [SSeffect/(SSeffect+SSerror)].

*

P<0.05.

Table 6

Descriptive statistics of changes in posterolateral reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Repeated Factor No. Mean±SD
Posterolateral reach distance Pre ATG 15 89.27±11.37
CG 15 88.69±8.32
Total 30 88.98±9.79
Post ATG 15 80.73±12.07
CG 15 81.56±8.99
Total 30 81.14±10.46

SD, standard deviation; ATG, ankle taping group; CG, control group.

Table 7

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in posterolateral reach distance before & after ankle taping

Variable Source of variance SS df MS F P-value η2
Posterolateral reach distance Pre/post 920.417 1 920.417 13.576 0.001* 0.327
Pre/post group 7.350 1 7.350 0.108 0.744 0.004
Error (pre/post) 1,898.289 28 67.796 - - -
Intercept 434,123.560 1 434,123.560 3,001.474 0.000* 0.991
Group 0.224 1 0.224 0.002 0.969 0.000
Error 4,049.830 28 144.637 - - -

SS, sum of squares; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; η2, partial eta-squared [SSeffect/(SSeffect+SSerror)].

*

P<0.05.

Table 8

Descriptive statistics of changes in posteromedial reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Repeated Factor No. Mean±SD
Posteromedial reach distance Pre ATG 15 85.71±11.02
CG 15 84.78±11.72
Total 30 85.24±11.19
Post ATG 15 72.91±9.86
CG 15 75.84±12.02
Total 30 74.38±10.90

SD, standard deviation; ATG, ankle taping group; CG, control group.

Table 9

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in posteromedial reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Source of variance SS df MS F P-value η2
Posteromedial reach distance Pre/post 1,771.267 1 1,771.267 45.926 0.000* 0.621
Pre/post group 56.067 1 56.067 1.454 0.238 0.049
Error (pre/post) 1,079.889 28 38.567 - - -
Intercept 382,188.810 1 382,188.810 1,805.456 0.000* 0.985
Group 15.000 1 15.000 0.071 0.792 0.003
Error 5,927.193 28 211.685 - - -

SS, sum of squares; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; η2, partial eta-squared [SSeffect/(SSeffect+SSerror)].

*

P<0.05.

Table 10

Descriptive statistics of changes in composite reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Repeated Factor No. Mean±SD
Composite reach distance Pre ATG 15 80.29±7.86
CG 15 79.97±6.68
Total 30 80.13±7.17
Post ATG 15 70.39±7.82
CG 15 73.83±7.34
Total 30 72.11±7.65

SD, standard deviation; ATG, ankle taping group; CG, control group.

Table 11

Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of changes in composite reach distance before and after ankle taping

Variable Source of variance SS df MS F P-value η2
Composite reach distance Pre/post 964.270 1 964.270 37.055 0.000* 0.570
Pre/post group 53.092 1 53.092 2.040 0.164 0.068
Error (pre/post) 728.631 28 26.023 - - -
Intercept 34,7671.700 1 347,671.700 4,107.783 0.000* 0.993
Group 36.341 1 36.341 0.429 0.518 0.015
Error 2,369.845 28 84.637 - - -

SS, sum of squares; df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; η2, partial eta-squared [SSeffect/(SSeffect+SSerror)].

*

P<0.05.

Table 12

Paired t-test of changes in FMS before and after ankle taping

Variable Pre Post Paired differences t P-value
ODST 2.13±0.52 1.67±0.49 0.47±0.83 2.168 0.048*
HST 2.40±0.74 1.93±0.70 0.467±0.99 1.825 0.089
ILT 2.93±0.26 3.00±0.00 −0.067±0.26 −1.000 0.334
FMS total score 17.20±1.61 16.07±1.71 1.13±1.69 2.605 0.021*

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

FMS, functional movement screening; ODST, overhead deep squat test; HST, hurdle step test; ILT, in-line lunge test.

*

P<0.05.